Given the state of the world, one may feel that violence is just part and parcel of our lives today. As we get updated on the acts of violence from around the world and within our homes, it is clear that the complexities of aggression and violence continue to remain an important topic to discuss. In this article, we explore the various root causes of violence and aggression and how preventive measures and timely interventions can negate the risk of violent acts.
Before getting to it, it is essential to differentiate between aggression and violence. Aggression refers to a broad range of behaviour that are used to intentionally cause harm. These can include physical, verbal, relational, or passive-aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, aggression can be categorised into specific subtypes such as i) Instrumental, where aggression is planned and purposeful and used to achieve a specific goal, ii) Impulsive, where aggression is sudden and unplanned, typically triggered by anger or frustration, iii) Reactive, where aggression is used as a response to perceived threat, iv) Proactive, where aggression is initiated by the aggressor, without provocation. Violence, on the other hand, refers to the intentional use of physical force to harm another person. It is crucial to understand that not all aggression leads to violence, and not all violence results from aggression.
Across existing research, root causes of violence and aggression range across different aspects of a person’s life. The following lists look at various factors that may increase one’s risk of aggression and violence.
Biological. Genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones, and brain structures can predispose one toward violence and aggression. For instance, research has identified specific genes, such as the MAOA gene, which carry aggression traits down to individuals. These genes influence brain chemicals like noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine, which influence factors like one’s impulse control and reaction to perceived threat. Additionally, reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with increased violence and aggression.
Psychological. Although people can become violent or aggressive for various reasons, some mental health conditions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) have specifically listed violent behaviour as a part of these conditions. These include but are not limited to, Intermittent explosive disorder, Schizophrenia, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Contributed by anger and impulsivity, delusions or hallucinations, and compromised executive function, these conditions put these individuals at higher risks of violence and aggression.
Environmental. One’s interpersonal, social, group, neighbourhood, economic, and cultural conditions can create the potential for or actual violence. For instance, the accumulation of frustration over unmet needs and financial instability can contribute to aggression and potentially erupt into violence. Furthermore, social learning can occur when one observes aggressive tendencies from family, peers, or the media. They may learn that aggression and violence are acceptable and recreate this behaviour.
These biopsychosocial factors are some of the many contributors to aggression and violence. There are no definitive reasons that cause aggression and violence. Often, it is a combination of factors unique to the individuals. Given the complex origins, understanding the psychology of violence and aggression would allow us to integrate preventive measures and interventions effectively. Depending on the cause, the following are some generic strategies that could reduce risks of violence and aggression.
Skill-based training. Emotion regulation and conflict resolution skills are effective in reducing violence and aggression across all ages. Learning these adaptive skills early can reduce the occurrence of aggressive and violent episodes.
Mental health support. For individuals exhibiting violent or aggressive tendencies, seeking help from professionals can be an essential tool. Working with a therapist to develop adaptive coping mechanisms can help one reduce the instances of violence and aggression. Moreover, if the root causes were biological or a result of a mental health condition, seeing a psychiatrist for medication can be essential for treatment.
Community support. Access to resources is essential to mitigate the disparities between socioeconomic groups. For instance, programs that focus on education or employment opportunities can be beneficial to members of the community.
As violence and aggression continue to be a topic that is very relevant and pervasive in our society, it remains to be something that requires greater understanding and multifaceted intervention. Early intervention is crucial in preventing aggression and violence. By providing individuals with the skills and support they need, it is possible to work towards a safer and more harmonious society.
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